Publications of S. Gardner

Note: The following printer, bookseller, or publisher lists are works in progress. They are generated from title page imprints and may reproduce false and misleading attributions or contain errors.

What does "printed by" mean? How to read the roles ascribed to people in the imprints.

In terms of the book trades, the lists below are sorted into up to four groups where: the person is designated in the imprint as having a single role:

  1. "printed by x"; or
  2. "sold by x"; or
  3. "printed for x" or "published by x"; or

as having multiple roles in combination (which suggests a likelihood that the person is a trade publisher):

  1. "printed and sold by x"; "printed for and sold by x"; or "printed by and for x" and so on.

Printers (owners of the type and printing presses, and possibly owners of the copyright) may be identified by the words printed by, but printed by does not universally designate a person who is a printer by trade. Booksellers may be identified by the words sold by, but sold by encompasses a number of roles. Booksellers or individuals who owned the copyright are generally identified by the words printed for, but nothing should be concluded in this regard without further evidence, especially since "printed for" could signify that the named person was a distributor rather than a copyright holder. Trade publishers, who distributed books and pamphlets but did not own the copyright or employ a printer—and were not printers themselves—might be identified by the words printed and sold by. Furthermore, works from this period often display false imprints, whether to evade copyright restrictions, to conceal the name of the copyright holders, or to dupe unwitting customers. Ultimately, one must proceed with caution in using the following lists: designations in the imprints may not reliably reflect the actual trades or roles of the people named, and the formulas used in imprints do not consistently mean the same thing.

David Foxon discussed the "meaning of the imprint" in his Lyell Lecture delivered at Oxford in March 1976, with particular attention to "publishers" in the eighteenth-century context:

The fullest form of an imprint is one which names three people, or groups of people:
     London: printed by X (the printer), for Y (the bookseller who owned the copyright), and sold by Z.
In the eighteenth century the printer's name is rarely given, at least in works printed in London, and the form is more commonly:
     London: printed for Y, and sold by Z.
Very often in this period, and particularly for pamphlets, it is further abbreviated to:
     London: printed and sold by Z.
It is this last form which is my present concern. Z is usually what the eighteenth century called 'a publisher', or one who distributes books and pamphlets without having any other responsibility—he does not own the copyright or employ a printer, or even know the author.

D. F. McKenzie coined the term "trade publisher" for these publishers in his Sandars Lectures, also in 1976, on the grounds that their principal role was to publish on behalf of other members of the book trade (Treadwell 100).

Michael Treadwell cautions that "In this period the imprint 'London: Printed and sold by A.B.' normally means 'Printed at London, and sold by A.B.' and must not be taken to mean that A.B. is a printer in the absence of other evidence." Further, "The imprint 'published by' occurs only rarely in Wing and is almost always associated with the name of a trade publisher" (104). While there are exceptions to the rule, it is "certain," he explains, "that anyone who made a speciality of distributing works for others will show a far higher proportion than normal of imprints in one of the 'sold by' forms" (116), which appear in the imprint as "sold by," "printed and sold by," or "published by" (104). Treadwell gives Walter Kettilby as an example of "a fairly typical copyright-owning bookseller" (106)—his role is almost always designated by the phrase "printed for" on imprints.

A final caution: publisher is a word that should be used with some deliberation. Samuel Johnson defines it simply as "One who puts out a book into the world," but "published by" rarely appears on the imprint until later in the eighteenth century, and then primarily associated with newspapers and pamphlets. Treadwell observes that John Dunton names only five publishers among the 200 binders and booksellers in his autobiographical Life and Errors (1705) wherein he undertakes "to draw the Character of the most Eminent [Stationers] in the Three Kingdoms" (100). Treadwell also remarks, however, that "in law, anyone who offered a work for sale 'published' it. In this sense every work had one or more 'publishers', and every bookseller, mercury, and hawker was a 'publisher'" (114).

See:

  • Terry Belanger, "From Bookseller to Publisher: Changes in the London Book Trade, 1750–1850," in Book Selling and Book Buying. Aspects of the Nineteenth-Century British and North American Book Trade, ed. Richard G. Landon (Chicago: American Library Association, 1978).
  • Bricker, Andrew Benjamin. "Who was 'A. Moore'? The Attribution of Eighteenth-Century Publications with False and Misleading Imprints," in The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 110.2 (2016).
  • John Dunton, The Life and Errors of John Dunton (London: Printed for S. Malthus, 1705).
  • John Feather, "The Commerce of Letters: The Study of the Eighteenth-Century Book Trade," Eighteenth-Century Studies 17 (1984).
  • David Foxon, Pope and the Early Eighteenth-Century Book Trade, ed. James McLaverty (Oxford University Press, 1991).
  • Samuel Johnson, Dictionary of the English Language, (printed for J. and P. Knapton; T. and T. Longman; C. Hitch and L. Hawes; A. Millar; and R. and J. Dodsley, 1755).
  • D.F. McKenzie, The London Book Trade in the Later Seventeenth Century (Sandars lectures in bibliography, 1977).
  • Michael Treadwell, "London Trade Publishers 1675–1750," The Library sixth series, vol. 4, no. 2 (1982).

Sold by S. Gardner

  • Pickard, Edward. National praise to God for the glorious Revolution, the protestand succession, and the signal successes and blessings with which Providence has crowned us. A sermon preached The First of August, 1761. at Little St. Helen's, to the Society That support the Lord's-Day Morning-Lecture there. And Published at their desire. By Edward Pickard. London: printed by J. Johnson, in Fenchurch-Street; and sold by S. Gardner, near the Cross-Keys Inn in Gracechurch-Street, MDCCLXI. [1761]. ESTC No. T17451. Grub Street ID 211604.
  • Harrison, Thomas. The grace of God in Christ to all men scripturally vindicated: in a free and sober examination of Mr Michael Bligh's discourse On Deuteronomy XXXII. 9. Delivered at Sevenoaks, in Kent, On October 14, 1764. By Thomas Harrison. Wherein is exhibited a more plain and full view of the Sentiments of many of the Baptist Churches than, perhaps, is elsewhere to be met with, and may tend to the satisfaction of serious enquirers into the points discussed. London: printed for the author, and sold by Mrs. Gardner, in Gracechurch-Street, and W. Lepard, in Tooly-Street, MDCCLXV. [1765]. ESTC No. T35775. Grub Street ID 265819.
  • Wilton, Samuel. The faith and patience of departed saints, recommended to the imitation of surviving Christians. A sermon occasioned by the death of Mr Joseph Longhurst, ... who departed this life June 12th, 1769, in the sixty-ninth year of his age. ... By Samuel Wilton. ... London: printed for the author, and sold by J. Buckland, W. Davenhill, and S. Gardner, 1769. ESTC No. T68285. Grub Street ID 292554.
  • Reflections on the ruins of an ancient cathedral: to which is added an elegy on winter. Chelmsford: printed and sold by L. Hassall. Sold also by F. Newbery, and G. Kearsly; E. Dilly; S. Gardner, London; T. Toft and R. Lobb in Chelmsford; and by all the booksellers in Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, 1770. ESTC No. N63110. Grub Street ID 45327.
  • Reflections on the ruins of an ancient cathedral: to which is added an elegy on winter. Chelmsford: printed and sold by L. Hassall. Sold also by F. Newbery, and G. Kearsly; E. Dilly; S. Gardner, London; T. Toft and R. Lobb in Chelmsford; and by all the booksellers in Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, 1770. ESTC No. T221982. Grub Street ID 245061.
  • Wilton, Samuel. The penitent convert seeking his instructions from Christ, considered and applied: in a sermon preached ... February 7, 1770. ... By Samuel Wilton. ... London: sold by J. Buckland; W. Davenhill; S. Gardner; and W. Harris, 1770. ESTC No. T54088. Grub Street ID 280955.
  • Wilton, Samuel. The faith and patience of departed Saints, recommended to the imitation of surviving Christians. A sermon occasioned by the death of Mr. Joseph Longhurst, ... Preached ... June 18, 1769. ... By Samuel Wilton. London: sold by J. Buckland, W. Davenhill, S. Gardner, and W. Harris, 1770. ESTC No. T54089. Grub Street ID 280956.

Printed for S. Gardner

  • Savage, Samuel Morton. The duty of subjects to honour the King, consider'd and enforc'd, in a sermon preach'd on occasion of His present Majesty's accession, November 30, in the morning, in Berry-Street near Aldgate, and in the afternoon, in Hanover-Street, Long-Acre. By Samuel Morton Savage. London: printed for T. Field, the Corner of Pater-Noster-Row, Cheapside; and S. Gardner, in Grace-Church-Street, M.DCC.LX. [1760]. ESTC No. T185691. Grub Street ID 221862.
  • Radcliff, Ebenezer. The nature of Christ's kingdom, and the freedom and independancy of its subjects explained in a sermon preached on the twelfth of August, 1763. Being The Anniversary of the Accession of the House of Hanover, and the Birth of the Prince of Wales, before the society That support the Lord's-Day Morning-Lecture at Little St. Helen's. By E. Radcliff. London: printed for S. Gardner, near the Cross-Keys Inn in Gracechurch-Street, MDCCLXIII. [1763]. ESTC No. T59380. Grub Street ID 285397.
  • Marshall, Walter. The scriptural doctrines of justification, faith and holiness. Being the substance of the Rev. Mr Marshal's treatise on Gospel-Sanctification. London: printed for J. Buckland, in Paternoster-Row; and S. Gardner in Gracechurch-Street, Booksellers, MDCCLXVI. [1766]. ESTC No. T93189. Grub Street ID 312887.
  • Wilton, Samuel. An apology for the renewal of an application to Parliament by the Protestant Dissenting ministers. Addressed to the thirteen ministers who protested against it. In which The Evidence and Force of their Reasons are fairly examined, and the Application is shewn to be neither inconsistent with the Principles of Orthodoxy, or Loyalty. By Samuel Wilton. London: printed for J. Buckland, in Pater-Noster Row; J. Robson, in New Bond-Street; W. Harris, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and S. Gardner, in Gracechurch-Street, M.DCC.LXXIII. [1773]. ESTC No. T53717. Grub Street ID 280649.
  • Wilton, Samuel. A review of some of the articles of the Church of England, to which a Subscription is required of Protestant Dissenting Ministers. By Samuel Wilton. London: printed for J. Buckland, in Pater-Noster Row; J. Robson, in New Bond-Street; W. Harris, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; and S. Gardner, in Gracechurch-Street, MDCCLXXIV. [1774]. ESTC No. T55114. Grub Street ID 281722.
  • Wilton, Samuel. The improvement of our talents considered. A sermon preached at St. Thomas's, January 2, 1775. For the Benefit of the Charity School in Gravel-Lane, Southwark. By Samuel Wilton, D. D. London: printed for J. Buckland, in Pater-Noster Row; W. Harris, in St. Paul's Church-Yard, and S. Gardner, in Gracechurch-Street, [1775]. ESTC No. T45742. Grub Street ID 273958.
  • The evangelical history of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ: containing, in order of time, all the events and discourses recorded in the four Evangelists. With notes ... and an appendix, ... To which is prefixed, a table of the harmony of the four Evangelists. By Thos. Brown. ... London: printed for J. Buckland; W. Brown; W. Davenhill; and S. Gardner, 1777. ESTC No. N45959. Grub Street ID 30826.
  • Palmer, Samuel. The dying believer's confidence and joy in Christ. A sermon preached at the Weigh-House in Little-Eastcheap, London, April 12, 1778, on occasion of the death of the Rev. Samuel Wilton, D.D. Who departed this Life April 3, In the 34th Year of his Age. By Samuel Palmer. To which is added, an oration at his interment in Bunhill-Fields, April 10, by Samuel Morton Savage, D.D. Published at the Request of the Congregation. London: printed by H. Goldney, for J. Buckland, No. 57, Pater-Noster-Row; and S. Gardner; No. 18, Gracechurch-Street, [1778]. ESTC No. T35106. Grub Street ID 265298.